"Scientific Federal Grand Jury Handbook"

[IT IS THE PROPER APPLICATION OF CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE, MISPRISION, AND MALFEASANCE IF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYED (THE PROHIBITION/CRIMES OF HAVING KNOWLEDGE OF WRONGDOING WITHOUT TAKING APPROPRIATE CORRECTIVE ACTION) TO GRAND JURY AND OTHER GOVERNMENTAL PROCEEDINGS THAT CAUSES A CONSTITUTIONAL DEFAULT TO OCCUR ANYTIME EVIDENCE/AFFIRMATIONS OF WRONGDOING HAVE BEEN PRESENTED TO BOTH THE GRAND JURY AND THE ACCUSED AND THE ACCUSED FAILS/REFUSES TO COMPLY OR ANSWER IN 10 DAYS, 15 MAX.....HENCE, IT IS THESE CRIMES THAT ALSO REQUIRE THE PRESIDING JUDGE OR HIS/HER PROXY TO IMPANEL GRAND JURIES TO BEGIN WITH; AS WELL AS REQUIRING PROSECUTORS TO SIGN ALL CHARGES/AFFIRMATIONS/EVIDENCE OF WRONGDOING; AND CLERKS, FOREMEN, DEPUTY FOREMEN, ETC. TO TAKE ALL APPROPRIATE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS ONCE SUCH AFFIRMATIONS/EVIDENCE HAS BEEN PRESENTED TO THE GRAND JURY...TO INCLUDE THE ORDERING OF DELIBERATIONS, THE ORDERING OF VOTES; AND THE OFFICIAL DECLARATIONS/ANNOUNCEMENTS/ENFORCEMENTS WHENEVER DEFAULTS/CONVICTIONS OR MERE INDICTMENTS WITH FURTHER JURY BIFURCATIONS OCCUR....ANY/ALL FAILURES/REFUSALS TO PROPERLY PERFORM SUCH IMPANELINGS, PROSECUTIONS, ORDERS OF DELIBERATION, ORDERS OF VOTES, OR OFFICIAL RECOGNITIONS/ANNOUNCEMENTS/DECLARATIONS TO THE COURT/JUDGE VIA CLERKS AND/OR FOREMEN MAY, LIKEWISE, BE PROSECUTED BY ANY OF THE JURORS UPON KNOWLEDGE THEREOF....BY OFFICIAL DEMAND, IN WRITING, AND/OR VIA MERE PRESENTMENT OF EVIDENCE/AFFIRMATIONS OF WRONGDOING (OR DEMANDS FOR "DUE PROPER FUNCTION") TO THIS OR ANOTHER GRAND JURY...THE ONLY WAY TO ENSURE PROPER FUNCTION OF THE GRAND JURY FROM THE PRESENTMENT STAGE TO THE CONVICTION/INDICTMENT/WARRANT-ENFORCEMENT STAGE....].... {THESE CRIMES ARE THE REASONS CITIZENS MUST MAKE GRAND JURY PRESENTMENTS UPON THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF CRIMES, AS WELL AS THE REASON PRESIDING JUDGES (OR THEIR AGENTS) MUST IMPANEL GRAND JURIES TO BEGIN WITH AND PROSECUTORS, CLERKS, FOREMEN, AND DEPUTY FOREMEN ARE APPOINTED AND REQUIRED TO SIGN/PROSECUTE/ENFORCE THE CHARGES/EVIDENCE/AFFIRMATIONS OF WRONGDOING AS TO LAW AND FACT, ORDER DELIBERATIONS, ORDER VOTES, AND COUNT/REPORT VOTES TO THE CLERK AND JUDGE FOR FURTHER ENFORCEMENT....ALL CONSTITUTIONALLY MANDATED PROVISIONS, SINCE ARTICLE 1, SECTIONS 1-8 OF THE 1787 U. S. CONSTITUTION....AND OBSTRUCTIONS OF JUSTICE, CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE, MISPRISION, AND MALFEASANCE-IF-GOVERNMENT-EMPLOYED TO OMIT/DENY/DO-OTHERWISE...RESULTING IN EXAGGERATED AND PREVENTABLE ERROR, CRIME, DEBT, DEFICIT, RAPE, AND DEATH RATES TO DO ANY OTHER WAY...AS THESE CASES, AND 1988-89-WARRANTED CORRECTIONS, REPROVE, PREPONDERABLY AND BEYOND DOUBT, AS THE "1984 U.S. BANKRUPTCY AND JUDICIARY REVISION ACT" FURTHER REPROVED, WHICH WAS BASED UPON THE PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF THIS UNIFICATION SCIENCE RESEARCH AND ELIMINATED SOCIAL SECURITY TRUSTS' DEFICIT IN THE 1980S, THE FAILURE/REFUSAL OF ANY JUROR TO PROPERLY PERFORM THESE DUTIES, EFFECTIVELY SUPPLANTS AND SUPERCEDES (OR SABOTAGES) THE AUTHORITY AND JURISDICTION OF "WE THE PEOPLE" FOR THE ILLEGAL AUTHORITY AND JURISDICTION OF THE ONE PERSON FAILING/REFUSING TO PROPERLY PERFORM THEIR DUTIES....JUDGE, CLERK, FOREPERSON, DEPUTY FOREPERSON, OR JUROR....THE PRIMARY TARGET OF ENEMY ATTACK...THE ONLY WAY CRIME, DEBT, DEFICIT, RAPE, AND DEATH RATES CAN BE EXAGGERATED TO CIVIL AND WORLD WAR LEVELS...}....{THAT IS, ANY/ALL MATTERS, AS OUR CURRENT DEFICIT REPROVES, BEYOND DOUBT, RELATIVE TO "MANDATORY GRAND JURY PRESENTMENT AND PROPER CONSTITUTIONAL DEFAULT FUNCTION", THE "CURRENT GRAND JURY PROCESS" IS CRIMINALLY NEGLIGENT, MISPRISIONOUS, AMD MALFEASANT-IF-GOVERNMENT-EMPLOYED, BEYOND DOUBT}....

_______________ _______________ _______________ THE "SCIENTIFIC FEDERAL GRAND JURY HANDBOOK"

{STATE GRAND JURY HANDBOOKS ARE "THE SAME", EXCEPT "FEDERAL CRIMES" ARE CHANGED TO "STATE AND FEDERAL CRIMES" (UNDER THE VARIOUS STATES' "ORGANIC ACTS") IN THE "STATE HANDBOOK TEXTS"....} *It should also be noted that the "U.S. 1984 Bankruptcy and Judiciary Revision Act" was passed using the preliminaries of these "Unification Science Grade/Upgrades", properly/legally restoring Constitutional Jurisdiction and Authority back to the "Presiding Judge of the Constitutionally-Established Court, Functioning In It's Grand Jury Capacity", with the Presiding Judge acting "De Novo" (without official voice or vote, except in the case of ties, civilly; as the Vice President is limited, Constitutionally)......Thusly, eliminating the illegal, error/deficit-exaggerating "supersedence of proper grand jury function" by the various private and quasi-governmental/governmentalized "arbitrations" (as well as "eliminating the theft of tax-paid-benefits of mandatory grand jury presentments") and restoring Constitutional/Grand-Jury Supremacy to such "private/quasi-governmental/governmentalized arbitrations" [as "Equal Rights" (1776 and Article 6); the 5th Amendment(1790); 25th Amendment (1965); and the "1984 U.S. Bankruptcy and Judiciary Revision Act" provide and mandate]!!!

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IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE, THESE 1988-89-WARRANTED "GRAND JURY RULES" SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED/ENFORCED, ASAP....IT BEING CRIMINAL AND CIVIL NEGLIGENCE, AS WELL AS OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE TO DO OTHERWISE!!! (THE DIFFERENCES ARE THE SOURCE OF OUR DEFICITS, ENEMY-ARMING-FOREIGN-LOANS, AND 60%+ EXAGGERATED CRIME/DEBT/DEFICIT/RAPES/DEATH RATES.....(IMPEACHING/INVALIDATING/NULLIFYING ANY/ALL OTHER GRAND JURY VERDICTS, VIA ERROR, UNTIL IMPLEMENTED/ENFORCED;BEWARE....MAKING YOU A CRIMINAL-PRINCIPAL TO THE RELEASE/ESCAPE OF ANYONE USING THESE MATERIALS TO ESCAPE-JUSTICE/OVERTURN-VERDICTS/OBTAIN-ILLEGAL-DISMISSALS, ETC.}.....!!!!!!! The copyrighted/patented/warranted materials contained herein (from the Unification Science Discoveries made in the 1970s-80s that were used to eliminate Social Security's deficit for the first/only reprovable time in U.S. History) should not be used without the "Voluntary Collections Commissions" (Just Compensations for Public Usage) Constitutionally-due in regard to the usages thereof, until/unless Congress (or State Legislatures) Statutorily-introduce these "Emergency Corrections" and provide the Constitutional "just compensation for Public usage", due therein/therewith.....

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[WARRANTED CORRECTIONS/UPGRADES FOR THE] "{SCIENTIFIC} HANDBOOK FOR FEDERAL GRAND JURORS" [Prepared under the supervision of the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and published by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Washington, D.C.]

PURPOSE OF THIS HANDBOOK

This Handbook will acquaint persons who have been selected to serve on federal grand juries with their duties and the importance of their roles as grand jurors. Grand Jurors are encouraged to refer to this Handbook periodically throughout their service to reacquaint themselves with their duties and responsibilities.

This Handbook is designed as an aid to persons serving on federal grand juries (State Grand Juries may have greater, but not lesser requirements, limited by Criminal and Civil Negligence Statutes/Acts, etc., which jurors are required to secure)...The federal grand jury is concerned, primarily, with federal crimes, it derives its authority from the Supreme Law of the Land, continued and reiterated, officially, in the Constitution of the United States, national laws and the rules of the federal courts. There are also grand juries impaneled in many of the States, but, those grand juries investigate, primarily, state crimes; they derive their authority from the Constitutions, laws, and rules of court of the states where they are impaneled.[Greater Scientific/Reprovable parameters are provided in the various cases from 1988-89 LADC#89-00443; USDC#90-2482, ET.SEQ. (Duplicitously, obtained in the 10/2-4/2009 CA/EDD-UI Case, Noticed/Grand-Jury-Presented/Unanswered-in-10-15-days, CA/EDD-AWARDED and Defaulted Upon Thereafter [$80,000+); similarly, with the 4/9/2010 CA/EDD-SDI Case, Noticed/Grand-Jury-Presented, Unanswered in 10-15-days, CA/EDD-SDI AWARDED, and Defaulted Upon Thereafter ($72,000+); as well as the 1/1/2012-13 Accused and Grand Jury Presented Notice, Unanswered/Uncomplied in 10-15 days; and Defaulted Upon Thereafter [$6,000,000+] for "Fraudulent Calottery Odds Bearing Scratch-offs"----ALL REPROVABLE AS TO LAW AND FACT, BEYOND DOUBT, IF DEFAULT-WARRANTS ARE DOUBTED/QUESTIONED FOR ADDITIONAL CHARGES)]...

ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE GRAND JURY

While the Grand Jury was detailed and provided in the 1215 Magna Carta, it's origins, historically, may be found in the Grecian Septuagint (an organization of the Greek Empire, composed of 70-72 knowledgeable persons, to make determinations as to the "right and wrong" of a matter on behalf of the Emperor). The first English grand jury is said to have consisted of 12 men (according to the new Holy German Roman Imperial tradition), selected from the knights or other freemen, who were summoned to inquire into crimes alleged to have been committed in their local community.

As matters became more and more "tried by grand juries", perfections were established in accordance therewith, to include "secrecy" (to protect jurors, accuseds, and enforcement agents, alike, as it would be negligence to fail/refuse to do so, reprovably) and Independence from the Sovereignty (in appointments, jurisdiction, and pay). As a result, grand juries are, now, able to vote for an indictment or refuse to do so, as it deems proper, without regards to the recommendations of a judge, prosecutor, or any other person (as long as such judgments are in accordance with reprovable Constitutional parameters/valid-law).....Grand Jurors, however, as any entity subject to the jurisdiction and authority of the U.S. Constitution (including all states or protectorates), are still subject to the valid Supreme Law of the Land (which includes all reprovably-valid-laws)...including criminal negligence, misprision, and malfeasance-if-government-employed (which laws prevent grand jurors from "Having Knowledge of Wrongdoing Without Taking Appropriate Corrective Actions" to the limits of the Constitution and valid laws of the Country)---otherwise, like the prohibited military attempts of the 1700s, it would become "Independent of and Superior to the Civil Authority"....'Able to do no wrong, itself, and have no enforceable duties, resultantly").....Proper Grand Jury function, in fact, being the "Trial By Battle Justification" for involuntary taxation or "frankpence", itself....a tax-paid-benefit which "Cannot be Lawfully-denied" (as Article 18 of the 1776 Declaration of Independence officially-recognized and provided)....and, resultantly, may be "Demanded", as reported to have occurred in 1735, even-before our Independence from the European Empire and British Crown, by the Colonial Governor of New York, himself, against John Zenger (editor of the "Weekly Journal" newspaper) for libel against certain acts of this "Royal Governor". The grand jury, being reported to have "flatly refused" the indictment (evidently voting to "acquit", instead).

The grand jury as an institution was so firmly established on the traditions and governances of our forebears that they included it in the "Bill of Rights" (confirming, reprovably, the "Right and Benefit of Proper Grand Jury Function", against any and all representations to the contrary, forever). The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, stating, in part that "No Person Shall Be Held To Answer For A......Crime, Unless On Presentment Or Indictment Of A Grand Jury"...Thereby, providing the "Scientific/Reprovable Minimum Civic, Military, and Governmental Duties", the tax-paid-benefit for all citizens and their properties (in oversight and security), "for all time"....as any denials of this tax-paid-right/benefit to "Grand Jury Presentment To Hold Anyone Accountable For Wrongdoing", thereby, became officially and reprovably recognized as a right and tax-paid-benefit, requiring nullification to reverse this below-bankruptcy-property-securing-benefit (especially, where equally-potentially-lethal-arrests/below-bankruptcy-property-seizures are concerned) and more fully providing the Minimum Non-Negligent, Non-Misprisionous, and Non-Malfeasant Securities for citizens, persons, papers, houses, and effects.....[it being an omission/theft of such tax-paid-benefits/reprovable-proper-grand-jury-functions to fail/refuse to make such grand jury presentments, before holding one accountable for wrongdoing, via presentment/indictment, or after holding persons accountable for wrongdoing for "crimes in progress", grand jury presented only, as soon as possible, after such "arrests for crimes in progress" have been made....anything less would deprive them of their full-measure of tax-paid-benefits/reprovably-due-rights/securities and anything more would obstruct justice.....to the limits of the Constitution/reprovably-valid-laws of the Country]....

These reprovable-certainties of Law and fact, as to proper grand jury function (any and all else being "criminally-negligent" on the one hand or "obstruction of justice" on the other), along with Article 1, Sections 1-8 of the U.S. Constitution......providing, majorly, the reprovable means by which a "Majority-Rule/Civil-Verdict May Be Enforced, Without a Bankruptcy-Proceeding-&-Determination First-Occurring Thereupon/Therein" (Bankruptcy Proceedings/Determinations determining and detailing the differences between Above-Bankruptcy-Properties [that're subject to Majority-Rule/Civil-Verdicts] and Below-Bankruptcy-Properties [that're only subject to Unanimous, Beyond-Doubt/Criminal-Verdicts or Warrants/Laws, including the presumption of innocence until proven guilty].....Article 1, Sections 1-8, applying such Constitutional/Supreme-Law Parameters to "open court proceedings" (primarily, Congress' and Legislatures').....therein, provides this only Constitutional/validly-lawful means of enforcing Majority-Rule/Civil-Verdicts (omitting the implicit Bankruptcy Proceeding/Determination aspects, required to enforce any Majority-Rule/Civil-Verdict that has not been Defaulted upon (specifically, "DEMANDED IN WRITING TO THE ACCUSED AND THE GRAND JURY AND GONE UNANSWERED IN 10 DAYS, 15 MAXIMUM, CAUSING A DEFAULT TO OCCUR AND DEFAULT WARRANTS TO AUTOMATICALLY ISSUE FOR SUCH DEMANDED DUE-AMOUNTS/DUE-COMPLIANCES")....the only two means of "Constitutional/Lawfully-Valid Majority-Rule/Civil-Verdict Enforcement", being, thusly, after either a "Bankruptcy Proceeding/Determination or Default" has occurred......."THUSLY, PROVIDING, REPROVABLY AND BEYOND DOUBT, THE "MINIMUM GRAND JUROR DUTIES" THAT MUST BE TAKEN, UPON EVIDENCE/AFFIRMATIONS OF WRONGDOING BEING PRESENTED TO THE GRAND JURY, PARTICULARLY ANYSUCH "DEFAULT DEMANDS" (PROPER TAX-PAID-GRAND-JURY-FUNCTION UPON ANYSUCH "DEFAULT DEMANDS" OCCURRING), WITHOUT SUCH JURORS 'HAVING KNOWLEDGE OF WRONGDOING WITHOUT TAKING APPROPRIATE CORRECTIVE ACTION THEREUPON'----I.E., ENGAGING IN CRIMINAL-NEGLIGENCE, MISPRISION, AND MALFEASANCE"....Which reprovables as to Law and fact, also require that "OFFICIAL DECLARATIONS OCCUR, AFTER THE OCCURRENCE OF A CONSTITUTIONAL DEFAULT" (AS THE 1776 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE EXEMPLIFIES;and the 25th Amendment, generally, if not absolutely, limits to 4 days from the occurrence of a DEFAULT or finding, UNTIL reports/declarations to Congress/"legislatures-state-jury-wise" are due/non-negligently-omitted) and that "whenever there exists no bifurcated/civil-grand-jury", criminal grand juries must, at least, provide these "tax-paid-benefits/rights of proper grand jury function" (especially, where DEFAULT DEMANDS AND RESULTANT AUTOMATIC DEFAULT WARRANTS exist/occur, as there can be no "Equal Protection"/Full-Measure-Of-Property-Security without it....that is, criminal-negligence, misprision, and malfeasance must otherwise occur....[ANY "DIRECTIVES/EDUCATIONALS/TRAININGS" THAT DO NOT INCLUDE THESE "CONSTITUTIONAL DEFAULT DUTIES OF ANY/ALL GRAND JURORS/JURIES BEING FELONIOUSLY CRIMINALLY-NEGLIGENT, MISPRISIONOUS, AND MALFEASANT.....as they effectively nullify the 1776 Declaration of Independence and our Independence from Imperial/British Rule, nullifying the authority and jurisdiction of all U.S. Courts in doing so, as well as stealing the reprovable tax-paid-benefits of proper grand jury function and establishing a foreign governance within our borders, in violation of law and the valid limitation of any U.S./State Government Office]...

NATURE OF THE GRAND JURY

The powers and functions of the federal grand jury differ, somewhat, from those of the federal trial jury. The federal trial jury listens to the evidence offered by the prosecution and the defense (if the defense chooses to offer any) during a criminal trial (Constitutionally, a bifurcation of the 5th Amendment REQUIRED grand jury presentment/indictment or the grand jury presentment/asap-post-crime-in-progress-arrest) during a criminal trial and returns a verdict of guilty or not-guilty. The grand jury, on the other hand, generally, does not determine guilt or innocence (except, indirectly, when a "Constitutional Default and Automatic Default Warrants Issue" and are "Declared by the Grand Jury", as the accused has already been informed, in writing, and effectively-waivered-defense by non-answer/non-compliance in 10 days, 15 maximum).....Whenever there ore no "DEFAULT DEMANDS IN WRITING" in any case (and Automatic Default Warrants) have not occurred, the grand jury is required to take a vote on "Civil Negligence", minimally (in furtherance of it's obligations to [FULLY] SUPPORT AND DEFEND THE U.S. CONSTITUTION, where there are no Civil Grand Jury bifurcations---it being criminal-negligence, misprision, and malfeasance to do otherwise/less) and, unless the plaintiff objects, to notify the accused of any findings of guilt (which "notification in writing" acts as a "Default Demand" and is enforced as such, in the event of non-answer/non-compliance in 10 days, 15 maximum, just as if the plaintiffs had done so, themselves). If the grand jury finds, unanimously and beyond doubt, that a crime occurred and the accused is the perpetrator thereof (by a vote of 12 of its members, regardless of how many members have been impaneled in accordance with Statute/Law), then, it will return a written statement of the charges called an "indictment" (as the accused has not been afforded the fullness of their equal rights....defense, compulsory process, etc.) and the matter will be bifurcated, with the accused "officially going to trial" and being afforded the remainder of his/her liberties/rights, at which time a full and proper verdict shall be rendered.

The grand jury, in consideration of all applicable parameters, is reportedly "not completely free to compel a trial of anyone it chooses", the United States Attorney must sign any indictment, before one may be prosecuted. This includes the tax-paid and due right/benefit of Constitutional Demand and Default, as well, and the right/liberty, in the event of abuse, of the grand jurors to Impeach (via a 2/3rds of 12 vote) anyone they believe to be Obstructing Justice or engaging in Criminal-Negligence, Misprision, and/or Malfeasance-If-Government-Employed. Thus, the government and the grand jury act as checks upon each other. This assures that neither may arbitrarily wield the awesome power to indict a person of a crime, protecting Below-Bankruptcy-Properties (persons included) from validly-unwarranted/potentially-lethal-arrests (upon mere preponderances as to law or fact), while also affording Above-Bankruptcy-Property-Compensations for those who can prove wrongdoings against them, preponderably (versus the accuseds' proofs that he/she did not do so)...."TO THE LIMITS OF THE LAW'S CORRECTIVE ALLOWANCES, UPON HAVING KNOWLEDGE OF WRONGDOING" (ANY/ALL ELSE FAILS/REFUSES TO SECURE EITHER THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED OR THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSER, BEYOND DOUBT)....

1) THE GRAND JURY'S TASKS

As stated above, the federal grand jury's function is to determine whether wrongdoing has occurred and take any/all "appropriate corrective actions" whenever anysuch wrongdoing has been proven to have occurred, to the limits of the Constitution/Valid-laws of the Country.....including determinations that allow Below-Bankruptcy-Property-Seizures (arrests and other property seizures), but, require bifurcation to allow/afford any defendant the full-measure of their rights/benefits (ensuring that wrongful indictments are not "rubber stamped" into wrongful convictions, incarcerations, or fines/compensations/endebtings), regarding federal crimes alleged to have been committed within the district where it sits (and to afford justice upon other districts' wrongdoings, whenever those districts' courts can be proven to be malfunctioning....thusly, restoring proper function and security to other districts that may have been malfunctioned via weather catastrophe, medical emergencies, or criminal invasion/occupation)....it being criminal negligence, misprision, and malfeasance to do otherwise/less......Matters may be brought to the grand jury's attention in three basic ways: 1) by the U.S. Attorney or an Assistant U.S. Attorney; 2) by the Court that impaneled it and 3) from the personal knowledge of member of the grand jury or from matters properly brought to a member's personal attention.....including mailings, faxes, as the Constitution/reprovably-valid-law provides. In all these cases, the grand jury must hear evidence before taking action (even if it only "hears evidence", after it has officially-been-presented, as in the case of Constitutional Default, where any/all jurors are REQUIRED to make an Official Declaration of the Default having occurred to the Clerk, just-as/equally with an "indictment")....

After the grand jury receives evidence against a person (etc.), the grand jury must decide whether the evidence presented justifies an indictment or "true bill", which is the formal criminal charge returned by the grand jury. Upon the indictment being filed in court (and arrests in furtherance of said indictment) the person accused may either plead guilty or nolo contendere or stand trial (in accordance with Habeus Corpus provisions)....

If the evidence does not persuade the grand jury that there is sufficient "probable cause" to believe the person committed a crime (or even Civil Negligence, where there are no already-bifurcated Civil Grand Juries functioning, presuming innocence of the accused), the grand jury will vote a "No Bill" or "Not a True Bill". When this occurs, the person is not required to plead to a criminal charge.and no criminal trial is required....[However, where a Constitutional Default has occurred, and the proper grand jury function of "Declaration" has occurred upon the "Automatic Default Warrants" that "Automatically Issue" therewith, No "True Bill Indictment" or "Acquittal" is required and, at best, Nolo Contendere may be presumed by the Court, until/unless disproven, nullifyingly...This is also true in cases where such "Constitutional Defaults" have occurred and Declarations have not occurred, nor "Automatically Issued Default Warrants" officially recognized, announced/declared, or enforced...grand jurors, etc. being fully capable of, if not required to be impeached upon having knowledge of a Constitutional Default occurring in 10 days of grand-jury/accused's presentment, without answer/compliance/payment, who fail/refuse to make any such due reports/declarations of said DEFAULT to the deputy foreman, foreman,clerk, judge/magistrate, and Legislatire/Congress "chain of command/administration" within 4 days of such a default occurring, state or federal...Federal Grand Juries only being required to inform state legislatures of defaults/findings within 4 days, in accordance with law, while state GRAND jurors are Constitutionally mandated to do so, Constitutionally]

INVESTIGATION

The major portion of the grand jury's work is concerned with evidence brought ot its attention by an attorney for the government (as well as via CONSTITUTIONAL DEFAULT DEMANDS, where proper educational benefits have been provided to the community/district) and, hence, a Permanent Civil Grand Jury bifurcation is advised. The grand jury may consider additional matters, otherwise brought to its attention, but, should, generally, consult with the U.S. Attorney or the court (or, perhaps, an "Independent Counsel"), before undertaking a formal investigation of such matters, itself/alone..This is because the grand jury, generally, has no investigative staff and legal assistance will be necessary in the event an indictment is reached (Generally, requiring majority-vote/civil-verdicts, Bills, to the Congress, etc. to do so).

Federal grand juries (except special grand juries, impaneled under 18 USC 33331-33334) can, generally, only take action regarding federal crimes committed within its district and are not authorized to investigate situations involving conduct that is merely critically/unofficially-alleged, rather than an officially-alleged/affirmed federal crime.

SELECTION OF GRAND JURORS

Federal Law requires that grand jurors be selected from a fair cross section of the community in the district/division in which the federal grand jury convenes. Thusly, all citizens have an equal opportunity and obligation to serve.

Pursuant to law, the names of perspective grand jurors are drawn at random from lists of registered voters or lists of actual voters, when necessary (and official tax-rolls are unavailable that more fully represent the community/district, since 1912's Federal Income Tax Act), using procedures designed to ensure that all members of the community have an equal opportunity to serve on the grand jury. Those persons whose names have been drawn and who are not exempt or excused from service are summoned to appear for duty grand jurors. When these persons appear before court, the Presiding Judge (directly or via qualified proxy) may consider any further requests to be excused. The Judge will, then direct the selection of 23 qualified persons to become members of the grand jury (as Statutes direct, for trial-commencement-disqualification/replacement-juror-expediency purposes).

ORGANIZATION, OATH, AND OFFICERS OF THE FEDERAL GRAND JURY

After the proper number of qualified persons have been determined and chosen as grand jurors, the court will appoint one of them to be the foreperson or presiding officer of the grand jury. A Deputy Foreperson shall also be appointed, to act in the Presiding Foreperson's absence or disqualification...

The Foreperson, the Deputy Foreperson, and the remaining members of the grand jury are sworn in by the Clerk of Court. Those desiring not to swear may affirm.

The oath taken by the grand jurors binds them to inquire diligently and objectively into all federal crimes committed within the district of which they have or may obtain evidence; and to conduct such inquiry without malice, fear, hatred, or other "undue emotions".

After the grand jurors have been sworn, the Presiding Judge advises the grand jury of it obligations and how best to perform its duties. This is called "the Charge to the Grand Jury". Careful attention should be paid to the "Charge" for it and any additional instructions that may be given by the court contain the rules and directions the grand jury must follow during its term of service.

After the grand jury has been "charged", it is taken to the grand jury room, where it will hear testimony and consider documentary evidence in the cases brought to its attention by the U.S. Attorney or Assistant U.S. Attorney, etc...

PROCEDURE

1) QUORUM

Twelve of the 23 members of the grand jury constitute a quorum for the transaction of business (where 23 members have been authorized by legislation/pre-appropriated-bills-or-warrants). If fewer than this number are present, even for a moment, the proceedings of the grand jury must stop (except where a Constitutional 2/3rds vote for impeachment has occurred and the grand jury has not, yet, been replenished from the "jury pool" of qualified voters/taxpayers by the Presiding Judge or Foreman, if necessary to continue in the proper function and performance of their duties....with the "impeaching members" voting for a new Foreman or Deputy Foreman, if/when those officers have been impeached via such a "2/3rds vote"). This shows how important it is that each grand juror conscientiously attend the meetings. If an emergency prevents a grand juror's attendance at the meeting, he or she must promptly advise the grand jury foreperson. If the grand juror's absence will prevent the grand jury from acting, the grand juror should, if at all possible, attend the meeting (to prevent their impeachment for dereliction of duty, from being made and reported to the Clerk of Court, as with any other official findings of default, guilt or wrongdoing).

2) EVIDENCE BEFORE THE GRAND JURY

Much of the logrand jury's time is spent hearing testimony by witnesses and examining documentary or other evidence in order to determine whether such evidence justifies an indictment (civil, criminal, or via default; whether or not continuances officially occur upon anysuch civil verdicts, in accordance with law, by the U.S. Attorney, etc.).

Each federal court district has a U.S. Attorney whose duty it is to represent the U.S. in federal matters within the district and to prosecute those accused of federal crimes In the usual case, the U.S. Attorney or one of the Assistant U.S. Attorneys (including "Qualified Special Agents") will present the evidence of alleged violations of the law to the grand jury. These attorneys also advise grand jurors as to what witnesses should be called and what documentary evidence should be produced for examination by the grand jury. The grand jury may ask that additional witnesses be called, if it believes it necessary. The U.S. Attorney will also prepare the formal written indictments that the grand jury has "officially determined" and presented to the court for enforcement via the Clerk of Court (this includes all findings that a "Constitutional Default" has occurred, which may be Declared to the court, via the Clerk of Court for enforcement as a "final verdict" by any member of the grand jury, with "final sentence bifurcated", as law requires, since the accused in anysuch matters has waived any/all other interim proceedings via their failure/refusal to answer in 10 days, 15 maximum, and, at best, thereby, pleaded nolo contendere to the charges/allegations/affirmations). However, neither the U.S. Attorney nor any Assistant U.S. Attorney may remain in the room while the grand jury deliberates and/or votes on an indictment (including any deliberations on whether or not a "Constitutional Default" has occurred by the accused being informed, in writing [or via publication in a "general circulation newspaper" when their whereabouts are unknown, as law provides/requires], of accusations/affirmations of wrongdoing...and failing/refusing to answer/comply in 10 days, 15 maximum [via Statutory provision]...which "Constitutional Default" requires no further vote, only an "official report/Declaration" that it has occurred by, at least, one member of the grand jury to be presented to the Clerk of Court for enforcement by the court).

3) QUESTIONING THE WITNESS

Witnesses are called to testify, one after another. Upon appearing to give testimony, each witness should be sworn by the grand jury foreperson, or in the absence of the foreperson, the deputy foreperson or a member that the grand jury has chosen by majority-vote, interimly). The witness will then be questioned. Ordinarily, the attorney for the government questions the witness first, followed next by the foreperson of the grand jury. Then, the other members of the grand jury may question the witness.

All questions asked of each witness must be relevant and proper, relating to the case under investigation. If doubt should arise, as to whether a question is appropriate, the advice of the U.S. Attorney may be sought. If necessary, a ruling may be obtained from the court (where questions of law or fact are at issue, the grand jury may, of course, also take a vote on any alleged/affirmed acts of wrongdoing, including impeachment, with any member thusly alleging/affirming wrongdoing abstaining from the vote).

Because of the need for secrecy, described in more detail in the following section, the law forbids anyone other than authorized persons from being present in the grand jury room while evidence is presented. This means that only the grand jury, the U.S. Attorney or the Assistant U.S. Attorney, the witnesses under examination, the court reporter, and the interpreter (where the foreperson or a majority of the quorum determines one is required) may be present. If an indictment should occur, the presence of unauthorized persons in the grand jury room could invalidate it (via an impeachment/invalidation for error, etc.).

Occasionally, prior to answering a question, a witness may ask to leave the grand jury room to consult with his or her attorney. The grand jury is to draw no adverse influence from such conduct/allowances, for witnesses have the Constitutional Right to confer with counsel, even though counsel may not be present in the grand jury room. In fact, a witness may confer with counsel after each question, as long as he or she doesn't make a mockery of the proceedings or, thereby, attempt to impede the orderly progress of the grand jury investigation (obstructively or tamperingly).

Additionally, a witness who is appearing before the grand jury may invoke the 5th Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and refuse to answer a question. In such a situation, the grand jurors may bring the matter before the court (via "Official Question", or via a more encompassing "Official Vote/Finding or Act") in order to obtain a ruling as to whether or not the answer may be compelled (civilly or criminally). One manner in which an answer may be compelled, is by granting the witness "immunity from prosecution" in exchange for the witness' testimony (as an "agent of the government").

4) CALLING THE PERSON UNDER INVESTIGATION AS A WITNESS

Normally, neither the person under investigation (sometimes called the "accused", although this doesn't imply that he or she has been found guilty of anything) nor any witness on the accused's behalf will be called or testify before the grand jury.

Upon request, preferably in writing, an accused may be given the opportunity by the grand jury to appear before it (for expedience sake and "never" to obstruct justice/default-warrant-enforcement, where such a Constitutional Default has occurred; as such an appearance may be considered to be a tax-paid-right, where knowledge has not illegally obtained, and, therefore, Criminal-Negligence, Misprision, and/or Malfeasance-if-government-employed to deny or default upon, after "official written demand" occurs, potentially, impeaching/invalidating any further/future findings of the grand jury). An accused who does not appear cannot be forced to testify, because of the Constitutional privilege against self-incrimination, though upon proofs/findings of guilt in the primary-matter under investigation, they may be found guilty of principalships to such crimes, criminal-negligence, misprision, and/or malfeasance-if-government-employed, thereafter. If the grand jury attempts to force the accused to testify, an indictment returned against that person my be nullified (wrongfully made, beyond doubt).

Because the appearance of an accused before the grand jury may complicate legal problems and questions, a grand jury that desires to request or permit an accused to appear before it should consult with the U.S. Attorney and, if necessary, the court, before proceeding (or a competent "Independent Counsel" when deemed necessary by the majority of grand jury members, due to malfunction, etc.).

Even if the accused is willing to testify, voluntarily, it is recommended that he or she first be warned of their right not to testify. Also, he or she may be required to sign a formal waiver of these rights. The grand jury should be completely satisfied that the accused understands what he or she is doing (without duress, omission, or fraud, to the limits of the law).

5) EVIDENCE NEEDED BEFORE A "TRUE BILL" MAY BE VOTED

It is the responsibility of the grand jury to weigh the evidence presented to it, in order to determine whether this evidence, usually without any explanation being offered by the accused (or "with the presumption of innocence"), persuades it that there is sufficient cause to believe that a crime has been committed and that the accused was the person who committed it. Remember that the grand jury is not responsible for determining whether or not the accused is "Finally Guilty, Beyond a Reasonable Doubt", but, only, "starting with the presumption of innocence", whether there is sufficient evidence to justify the continuance of trial (and arrest/below-bankruptcy-property-seizure, confinement, etc.) of the accused, bifurcatedly, allowing him or her the fullness of their rights (to cross-examine, compel witnesses, and testify/present-evidence, themselves) before a "trial jury" and that no valid/unimpeached/pertinent evidence has been purposefully obstructed/omitted. Only the evidence presented to the grand jury in the grand jury room may, therefore, be considered ("tried/unimpeached") in whether or not to vote for an indictment (civil or criminal, in the full-fledged-exercise of their duties to "Support and Defend The U.S. Constitution", civil and criminal aspects, alike).

6) DELIBERATIONS

When the grand jury has received all the evidence on a given charge, all persons other than the members of the grand jury, must leave the grand jury room, so that the grand jury may begin deliberations. The presence of any other person in the grand jury room, while the grand jury deliberated of votes may nullify an indictment returned on the accusations (due to "impeaching error", etc.).

After all persons other than the grand jury members have left the room, the foreperson will ask the grand jury members to discuss and vote upon the question of whether the evidence persuades the grand jury that a crime has been committed by the person accused and that an indictment should be made (returned to the Court via the Clerk of Court). Every grand juror has the right to express his or her view of the matter under consideration and the other grand jurors should listen to the comments of all of their fellow grand jurors before making up their minds. Only after each grand juror has been given the opportunity to be heard will the "Official Vote" be taken. It should be remembered that at least 12 members must be present and vote in favor of an indictment before it may be returned to the court for enforcement (except where "impeachments" are concerned and only 2/3rds of the quorum is needed to accomplish in such a "emergency"). Whereas, as regards "Official Declarations of Default" to be returned to the court via the Clerk of Court, only one member is needed to make such a Declaration (it being Criminal Negligence, Misprision, and Malfeasance-if-government-employed to "Have Knowledge of Wrongdoing Without Taking Appropriate Corrective Action", upon knowledge any member having knowledge of a "Constitutional Default" occurring, any member of the grand jury is oath/duty bound to do so, individually).

The foreperson of the grand jury must keep a record of the number of jurors concurring in the finding of every indictment and file the record with the Clerk of Court. If an indictment is found (or a "Constitutional Default" determined to have occurred), the grand jury will report it to the judge or a magistrate in open court. It will, likewise, report any findings of "Not True Bills" (including Civil Verdicts by the Majority for Civil Negligence, etc., their oath/duty to Support and Defend) or any decisions not to "criminally indict" (including any "Continuances for Cause", as law requires and/or permits). A decision not to indict, should immediately be reported to the court, in writing, by the foreperson for any "Arrest/Seizures Made For A Crime In Progress" (that's been presented to the grand jury, as soon as possible, after arrests/seizures for "crimes in progress" have occurred) so that the accused may be promptly released from jail or freed from bail or bond, where appropriate.

7) SECRECY

The law imposes upon each grand juror a strict obligation of secrecy. This obligation is emphasized in the oath each grand juror takes and in the charge given to the grand jury by the judge.

The tradition of secrecy continues as a vital part of the grand jury system for many reasons. It protects the grand jurors from being subjected to pressure by persons who may be subjects of investigation by the grand jury or associates of such persons. It prevents the escape of those against whom an indictment is being considered. It encourages witnesses, testifying before the grand jury, to give full and truthful information as to the commission of a crime. It also prevents tampering with or intimidation of anysuch witnesses, before they testify at trial. It prevents the disclosure of investigations that result in "no official action" (or "Continuances for Cause" within the limits of law) by the grand jury and avoids any stigma the public might attach to one who is the subject of a mere investigation by the grand jury. Finally, it protects law enforcement officers whose duty it is to enforce the warrants and seizures associated with any grand jury indictments, giving them "the element of surprise", which is often the difference between "life and death" where contentions occur (making it's absence or omission Criminally-Negligent).

Essentially, the grand jurors may disclose matters occurring before the grand jury only to the attorneys for the government for use in the performance of their duties (or to other grand juries, in the event of grand jury malfunction/wrongdoings), but, even attorneys for the government may not be informed of what took place during the grand jury's deliberations or voting (except, perhaps, where criminal-misdeeds have occurred). Hence, the only other time matters occurring before the grand jury may be disclosed to anyone is when the disclosure is "ordered by the court" in the interest of justice (including instances where orders have been proven to be due, but, wrongly gone unmade). Disclosure of such rightful-matters may never be made to the grand jurors' friends or family, including a grand juror's spouse.

8) PROTECTION OF GRAND JURORS

The secrecy imposed upon grand jurors is a major source of protection for them. In addition, no inquiry may be made to learn what grand jurors said or how they voted (except under "order of the court" in the interest of justice, where wrongdoing has been evidenced/proven/affirmed....and extraordinary penalties exist to punish all those making any false assertions of grand jury malfunctions/wrongdoings, to the full extent of the law, as proper grand jury function is the fundamental essence of U.S. Security and Operations, anysuch Obstructions or Tamperings threatening the "Security of the World", not merely U.S. Citizens and communities).

The law gives the members of the grand jury "broad immunity" for any rightful-actions taken by them within the "justice providing scope and authority" of their service and duties as grand jurors.

Because of this immunity, all grand jurors must perform their duties with the highest sense of responsibility and "justice-pursuing intent".

PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR GRAND JURORS

Each grand juror should attend any grand jury sessions, regularly, in order to ensure that a quorum of 12 members is present to conduct the business of the grand jury (effect justice).

Each grand juror should be on time for each meeting, so the others (and dutiful-business of government) are not kept waiting (or delayed).

The time of meetings should be scheduled so as to be convenient for the grand jury, the U.S. Attorney, and the witnesses.

Witnesses should be treated courteously when they appear before the grand jury. Questions should be put to them in orderly fashion. The U.S. Attorney should complete his or her questioning of each witness, before the foreperson asks questions (except where "Constitutional Defaults" exist on the subject matter of the trial/investigation that may render the investigation duplicitous [Double Jeopardy] or "proper grand jury function" Tampering or Obstructing). The remaining grand jurors will, then, have a chance to ask any relevant and proper questions.

Each grand juror has an equal voice in determining whether or not an indictment should be returned. Therefore, it is important that all grand jurors pay close attention to the testimony and other evidence presented.[Though, of course, only one grand juror is required to make an "Official Declaration" of a "Constitutional Default" having occurred that does or may affect the proceedings, Double-Jeopardy-Wise and otherwise].

No grand juror should undertake to investigate matters outside its proper scope, merely because someone suggested an investigation, or because an investigation would be interesting (on the other hand, no grand juror should fail/refuse to make an "Official Declaration" of a "Constitutional Default" occurring or having occurred to which they have knowledge or to advocate, minimally, the enforcement and potential-further-investigation, as appropriate, of anysuch related matters, especially, where such "Constitutional Default's Automatic Warrants" may render the investigation/any-further-investigation duplicitous or otherwise opposing of Constitutional mandates).

No grand juror should discuss the cases under investigation with anyone, except fellow grand jurors and the U.S. Attorney or Assistant U.S. Attorney (and, then, only in the grand jury room). Of course, the grand jurors may, always, seek the advice of the judge (and, in "emergency situations" where malfunction is concerned, with a "Qualified Independent Counsel", chosen via a majority-vote of the quorum).

Finally, every citizen who is selected to serve on a federal grand jury should bring to this task the determination to participate in a responsible and dutiful manner and to make every effort to ensure that the grand jury will be a credit, not only to the victims of crime, and community, but to the United States of America, itself.

[AS THE U.S. CODE SERVICE, FUNCTIONING PROPERLY, SHOULD ADVISE, A SUFFICIENT NUMBER TO "INDICT" AN INDIVIDUAL (AND AUTHORIZE THE DEBT ASSOCIATED WITH ANY ENFORCEMENTS OR INCARCERATIONS), 12, IS CERTAINLY, THE "MINIMUM NUMBER REQUIRED TO DO BUSINESS"....ANY LARGER QUANTITIES MAY BE/HAVE-BEEN AUTHORIZED BY THE CONGRESS/LEGISLATIVELY, FOR FUNDING PURPOSES, ETC., BUT, ONLY 12 ARE REQUIRED TO "PROPERLY PERFORM THE DUTIES OF THE OFFICE".....IN FACT, AS "CONSTITUTIONAL IMPEACHMENT PROVISIONS" REQUIRE, ONLY 2/3RDS, 9, OF SUCH "12 MEMBER QUORUM" ARE NEEDED TO EFFECT JUSTICE, GOVERNMENTALLY.....TO IMPEACH A MEMBER/OFFICEHOLDER FOR WRONGDOING, WITHOUT RE-SEQUESTERING ANY NEW MEMBERS

{IT SHOULD ALSO BE NOTED: IN THE INTEREST OF U.S. CONSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT AND DEFENSE, THE DUTY OF EVERY GOVERNMENTAL OFFICE: That where "Permanently Bifurcated Civil Grand Juries" do not exist, allowing the "Constitutional Default Provisions" to be exercised, Civilly, by "Another Jury Specially Impaneled" permanently, for that function, the Civil Grand Jury.......Criminal Grand Juries are Constitutionally-obligated to undertake the "Clerical Function" of "Proper Grand Jury Function", Civil and Criminal, minimally......which "Proper Constitutional Civil and Criminal Grand Jury Function", "Civil Aspects", provides the "Constitutional Default Function" that produces "Automatic Default Warrants" in 10 days, 15 maximum, of non-answer/non-compliance with a "due demand")....A CONSTITUTIONAL FUNCTION THAT SOLVENCY CANNOT BE OBTAINED/SUSTAINED WITHOUT......as well as the "Citizens' Equivalent" to the "Criminal Grand Jury Function", exclusively "permanently bifurcated" for governmental/criminal-prosecutors' usage.....as "Constitutional Defaults" provide the only means of enforcing/collecting even Civil-Verdicts/Debts, without the occurrence of a Bankruptcy Proceeding/Determination/Hearing ....WITHOUT WHICH "EQUAL RIGHTS/PROTECTIONS" CANNOT OCCUR.....ONLY WITH PROPER "CIVIL GRAND JURY FUNCTION", CONSTITUTIONAL DEFAULTS ESPECIALLY, CAN "EXCLUSIVELY CRIMINAL GRAND JURIES" LEGALLY EXIST, WITHOUT SUCH "CIVIL GRAND JURY FUNCTIONS" (DEFAULT, ESPECIALLY) BEING EQUALLY-OBLIGATED TO BE PERFORMED BY SUCH "CRIMINAL GRAND JURIES"........OTHERWISE, "CONSTITUTIONAL DEFAULT FUNCTION", THE ENFORCEMENT OF EVEN A CIVIL-VERDICT/DEBT CANNOT OCCUR WITHOUT A BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDING FIRST-OCCURRING......SUCH "BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS" BEING ANOTHER "PROPER GOVERNMENTAL FUNCTION" THAT "CRIMINAL GRAND JURIES" MUST UNDERTAKE, WHERE THERE ARE NO "CIVIL GRAND JURIES" OR "EXCLUSIVELY BANKRUPTCY COURTS" TO DO SO......AS THE OMISSION/THEFT OF THIS FUNCTION/TAX-PAID-BENEFIT, IMPEACHES ANY/ALL OTHER GRAND JURY DETERMINATIONS/VERDICTS....EVEN MORESO THAN "A GRAND JUROR DISCLOSING GRAND-JURY-TESTIMONY TO THEIR FRIENDS, FAMILIES, AND SPOUSES" THUSLY IMPEACHES THEIR VERDICTS....]....

IT SHOULD ALDO BE NOTED: THAT ONLY THE "PRIVATE/QUASI-GOVERNMENTAL ASPECTS" REMAIN OF "PROPER CONSTITUTIONAL DEFAULT FUNCTION, SOME 40% OF PROPER FUNCTION, STILL BEING SEEN VIA JURYLESSLY/ARBITRATIONALLY ENFORCED/ADMINISTERED "STUDENT/GOVERNMENTAL LOANS", "TRAFFIC TICKETS" AND "TITLE 22 INSURANCE BENEFITS" FUNCTIONS......(THE OTHER 60% OF PROPER FUNCTION, STILL BEING SABOTAGED/MALFUNCTIONING, VIA THE "1814 GEORGE III ATTACK STRATEGY" (CONDUCTED, PRESENTLY, BY IMPERIAL FRENCH AND COMMUNIST BLOC FORCES/LENDERS), ALLOWING THE THEFT OF ENEMY-ARMING-TRILLIONS PER YEAR, MAJORLY, IN THE FORM OF FOREIGN LOANS/REPAYMENTS)......

EMERGENCY JURISDICTIONAL MATTERS: Including all "non-negligent Default applications", it should be realized that "Criminal Negligence, Misprision, and Malfeasance (if government employed)" are all "crimes", regardless of the jurisdiction. 

Hence, for cause (natural or man-made disaster, as well as any/all types of grand/trial jury malfunctions; as well as "just to test for proper function"), as provided in 1948-Title-22, etc. (in furtherance of A18-1776; Via A-12-1777 & A6-1787, etc.); any matters, especially after being firsr-presented to the grand jury of Constitutional jurisdiction, may be presented to any other grand jury in the State (adjoining grand juries, first) and even to grand juries of other States (where in-State grand juries have been evidenced to be malfunctioned). 

In the event of such an "Emergency Grand Jury Presentment" outside of normal Constitutional Jurisdiction, the grand jury receiving the claim/affirmation-of-wrongdoing shall, to avoid negligence/malfeasance, whenever such presentments appear viable (particularly in cases of Constitutional Default), draft a "WRITTEN DEMAND LETTER" addressed to the "allegedly malfunctioning grand jury" (of Constitutional jurisdiction), OFFICIALLY DEMANDING THAT THE "CONSTITUTIONALLY JURISDICTIONAL GRAND JURY" officially report/declare the asserted Constitutional Default to have occurred and warrants thereon due and enforceable "in 10 days, Sunday's excepted, from the date of service of the original written demand upon the accused and local grand jury" or, otherwise, to preponderably-answer the "Emergency Jurisdiction Grand Jury's Written Demand" in 10 days, Sunday's excepted (in which case the matter in question, upon a preponderance-answer being provided by the local grand jury in question, within 10 days, Sunday's excluded, shall be resolved otherwise). 

Moreover, whether said "local grand jury" is notified of the following parameters or not...IN THE EVENT THAT "EMERGENCY GRAND JURY JURISDICTION" IS SOUGHT, IN WRITING, from someone outside the normal Constitutional Jurisdiction, DEMANDING REDRESS, IN WRITING, DUE TO "THEIR LOCAL GRAND JURY'S SABOTAGE OR MALFUNCTION", said "EMERGENCY JURISDICTION GRAND JURY'S" written demand to the original local grand jury shall, in all matters, large and small, be given the valid authority of the Constitution, as if the matter had wholly occurred within the Constitutional limitations of the local grand jury assuming "Emergency Jurisdiction" (due to sabotage/malfunction)...[except as to "differing State laws as to the same subject matter, in which case, the State Law or equivalent of the State wherein the questioned local grand jury was located shall be used, of course]...

Moreover, in the even of such "Emergency Grand Jury Jurisdiction" being sought, where it appears to the "Emergency Jurisdiction Grand Jury" that a Constitutional Default has occurred in any matter before then and Emergency Jurisdiction has been sought, in writing, by the petitioner/claimant, the Emergency Jurisdiction Grand Jury's Written Demand for the original local grand jury's compliance or preponderable-answer in 10 days, Sunday's excepted; SHOULD BE UNDERSTOOD TO PROVIDE AN ENFORCEABLE CONSTITUTIONAL DEFAULT UPON THE "ORIGINAL DEFENDANT", AS WELL AS OFFICE REMOVING DEFAULT-CONVICTIONS/"IMPEACHMENTS" UPON ALL "ORIGINAL GRAND JURY MEMBERS" VOTING OR ASSERTING TO DO OTHERWISE (INCLUDING ALL "ORIGINAL GRAND JURY MEMBERS" WHO FAILED/REFUSED TO VOTE IN FAVOR OF EITHER "REPORTING/DECLARING A DEFAULT TO HAVE OCCURRED" OR FAILING/REFUSING TO "VOTE/ASSERT IN FURTHERANCE OF MAKING AND ISSUING A PREPONDEABLE ANSWER TO THE "EMERGENCY JURISDICTION GRAND JURY", IN 10 DAYS OF THE "EMERGENCY JURISDICTION GRAND JURY'S" WRITTEN DEMAND THEREFOR, SUNDAY'S EXCEPTED)...

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

www.ndd.uscourts.gov/jury/jury_handbook_grand_jurors.pdf (COMPARE THE CURRENT HANDBOOK; Below)

HANDBOOK FOR FEDERAL GRAND JURORS

Prepared for the use of grand jurors serving in the United States district courts under the supervision of the Judicial Conference of the United States. Published by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, Washington, D.C. 20544.

CONTENTS PURPOSE OF THIS HANDBOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE GRAND JURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 NATURE OF THE GRAND JURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (1) The Grand Jury's Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (2) Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SELECTION OF GRAND JURORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ORGANIZATION, OATH, AND OFFICERS OF THE FEDERAL GRAND JURY . . . . . . . . . . . .3 PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 (1) Quorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 (2) Evidence Before the Grand Jury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 (3) Questioning the Witness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 (4) Calling the Person Under Investigation as a Witness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 (5) The Evidence Needed Before a "True Bill" May Be Voted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5 (6) Deliberations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 SECRECY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 PROTECTION OF GRAND JURORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR GRAND JURORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

PURPOSE OF THIS HANDBOOK

This Handbook will acquaint persons who have been selected to serve on a federal grand jury with the general nature and importance of their role as grand jurors. It explains some of the terms that grand jurors will encounter during their service and offers some suggestions helpful to them in performing this important public service. It is intended that this Handbook will, to a degree, repeat and provide a permanent record of much of the information presented in the grand jury orientation film, The People's Panel, which in most districts is shown to grand jurors at the commencement of their service. Grand jurors are encouraged to refer to this Handbook periodically throughout their service to reacquaint themselves with their duties and responsibilities. This Handbook is designed as an aid only to persons serving on a federal - not a state - grand jury. The federal grand jury is concerned only with federal crimes; it derives its authority from the Constitution of the United States, national laws, and the rules of the federal courts. There are also grand juries impaneled in many of the states, but those grand juries investigate only state crimes; they derive their authority from the constitutions, laws, and rules of court of the states where they are impaneled.

ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE GRAND JURY

The grand jury has a long and honorable tradition. It was recognized in the Magna Carta, the first English constitutional document, which King John granted in 1215 at the demand of his subjects. The first English grand jury consisted of twelve men selected from the knights or other freemen, who were summoned to inquire into crimes alleged to have been committed in their local community. Thus, grand jurors originally functioned as accusers or witnesses, rather than as judges. Over the years, the hallmarks of our modern grand jury developed in England. For example, grand jury proceedings became secret, and the grand jury became independent of the Crown. As a result, a grand jury is able to vote an indictment or refuse to do so, as it deems proper, without regard to the recommendations of judge, prosecutor, or any other person. This independence from the will of the government was achieved only after a long hard fight. It can best be illustrated by the celebrated English case involving the Earl of Shaftasbury, who, in 1681, fell under the suspicion of the Crown. Displeased with him, the Crown presented to the grand jury a proposed bill of indictment for high treason and recommended that it be voted and returned. After hearing the witnesses, the grand jury voted against the bill of indictment and returned it to the King, holding that it was not true. When the English colonists came to America, they brought with them many of the institutions of the English legal system, including the grand jury. Thus, the English tradition of the grand jury was well established in the American colonies long before the American Revolution. Indeed, the colonists used it as a platform from which to assert their independence from the pressures of colonial governors. In 1735, for example, the Colonial Governor of New York demanded that a grand jury indict for libel John Zenger, editor of a newspaper called "The Weekly Journal," because he had held up to scorn certain acts of the Royal Governor. The grand jury flatly refused. The grand jury as an institution was so firmly established in the traditions of our forebears that they included it in the Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States provides in part that "(n)o person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury . . . ." Moreover, the grand jury system is also recognized in the constitutions of many of the states of the Union.

NATURE OF THE GRAND JURY

The powers and functions of the federal grand jury differ from those of the federal trial jury, which is called the petit jury. The petit jury listens to the evidence offered by the prosecution and the defense (if it chooses to offer any) during a criminal trial and returns a verdict of guilty or not guilty. The grand jury, on the other hand, does not determine guilt or innocence, but only whether there is probable cause to believe that a crime was committed and that a specific person or persons committed it. If the grand jury finds probable cause to exist, then it will return a written statement of the charges called an "indictment." After that, the accused will go to trial. The grand jury normally hears only that evidence presented by an attorney for the government which tends to show the commission of a crime. The grand jury must determine from this evidence, and usually without hearing evidence for the defense, whether a person should be tried for a serious federal crime, referred to in the Bill of Rights as an "infamous crime." An infamous crime is one which may be punished by imprisonment for more than one year. As a general rule, no one can be prosecuted for a serious crime unless the grand jury decides that the evidence it has heard so requires. In this way, the grand jury operates both as a "sword," authorizing the government's prosecution of suspected criminals, and also as a "shield," protecting citizens from unwarranted or inappropriate prosecutions. A person may, however, waive grand jury proceedings and agree to be prosecuted by a written charge of crime called an information. The grand jury is not completely free to compel a trial of anyone it chooses. The United States Attorney must sign the indictment before one may be prosecuted. Thus, the government and the grand jury act as checks upon each other. This assures that neither may arbitrarily wield the awesome power to indict a person of a crime.

(1) The Grand Jury's Tasks

As stated above, the federal grand jury's function is to determine whether a person shall be tried for a serious federal crime alleged to have been committed within the district where it sits. Matters may be brought to its attention in three ways: (1) by the United States Attorney or an Assistant United States Attorney; (2) by the court that impaneled it; and (3) from the personal knowledge of a member of the grand jury or from matters properly brought to a member's personal attention. In all these cases, the grand jury must hear evidence before taking action. After it has received evidence against a person, the grand jury must decide whether the evidence presented justifies an indictment, or "true bill," which is the formal criminal charge returned by the grand jury. Upon the indictment's being filed in court, the person accused must either plead guilty or nolo contendere or stand trial. If the evidence does not persuade the grand jury that there is probable cause to believe the person committed a crime, the grand jury will vote a "no bill," or "not a true bill." When this occurs, the person is not required to plead to a criminal charge, and no trial is required.

(2) Investigation

The major portion of the grand jury's work is concerned with evidence brought to its attention by an attorney for the government. The grand jury may consider additional matters otherwise brought to its attention, but should consult with the United States Attorney or the court before undertaking a formal investigation of such matters. This is necessary because the grand jury

It should be borne in mind that a federal grand jury can take action only upon federal crimes that have been committed within the district in which it has been impaneled. Furthermore, a federal grand jury (except a special grand jury impaneled under 18 U.S.C. §§ 3331-3334) is not authorized to investigate situations involving the conduct of individuals, public officials, agencies or institutions that the grand jury believes is subject to mere criticism rather than a violation of federal criminal statutes. Its concern must be devoted solely to ascertaining whether there is probable cause to believe that a federal crime has been committed and to report accordingly to the court

SELECTION OF GRAND JURORS

Federal law requires that a grand jury be selected at random from a fair cross section of the community in the district or division in which the federal grand jury convenes. Thus, all citizens have an equal opportunity and obligation to serve. Pursuant to law, the names of prospective grand jurors are drawn at random from lists of registered voters or lists of actual voters, or other sources when necessary, under procedures designed to ensure that all groups in the community will have a fair chance to serve. Those persons whose names have been drawn and who are not exempt or excused from service are summoned to appear for duty as grand jurors. When these persons appear before the court, the presiding judge may consider any further requests to be excused. The judge will then direct the selection of 23 qualified persons to become the members of the grand jury.

ORGANIZATION, OATH, AND OFFICERS OF THE FEDERAL GRAND JURY

After the proper number of persons have been qualified as grand jurors, the court will appoint one of them to be the foreperson, or presiding officer, of the grand jury. A deputy foreperson will also be appointed, so that he or she can act as presiding officer in the foreperson's absence. The foreperson, the deputy foreperson, and the remaining members of the grand jury are sworn in by the Clerk of the Court. Those persons who do not wish to swear may affirm. The oath taken by the grand jurors binds them to inquire diligently and objectively into all federal crimes committed within the district of which they have or may obtain evidence and to conduct such inquiry without malice, fear, hatred, or other emotion. After the grand jurors have been sworn, the presiding judge advises the grand jury of its obligations and how best to perform its duties. This is called the charge to the grand jury. Careful attention must be paid to the charge, for it and any additional instructions that may be given by the court contain the rules and directions the grand jury must follow during its term of service. After the grand jury has been charged, it is taken to the grand jury room, where it will hear testimony and consider documentary evidence in the cases brought to its attention by the United States Attorney or an Assistant United States Attorney.

PROCEDURE

(1) Quorum Sixteen of the 23 members of the grand jury constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. If fewer than this number are present, even for a moment, the proceedings of the grand jury must stop. This shows how important it is that each grand juror conscientiously attend the meetings. If an emergency will prevent a grand juror's attendance at the meeting, he or she must promptly advise the grand jury foreperson. If the juror's absence will prevent the grand jury from acting, the grand juror should, if at all possible, attend the meeting.

(2) Evidence Before the Grand Jury Much of the grand jury's time is spent hearing testimony by witnesses and examining documentary or other evidence in order to determine whether such evidence justifies an indictment. Each federal court district has a United States Attorney whose duty it is to represent the United States in federal matters within the district and to prosecute those accused of federal crimes. In the usual case, the United States Attorney or one of the Assistant United States Attorneys will present the evidence of alleged violations of the law to the grand jury. These attorneys also advise grand jurors as to what witnesses should be called and what documentary evidence should be produced for examination by the grand jury. The grand jury may ask that additional witnesses be called if it believes this necessary. The United States Attorney will also prepare the formal written indictments that the grand jury wishes to present. But neither the United States Attorney nor any Assistant United States Attorney may remain in the room while the grand jury deliberates and votes on an indictment.

(3) Questioning the Witness

Witnesses are called to testify one after another. Upon appearing to give testimony, each witness will be sworn by the grand jury foreperson or, in the foreperson's absence, the deputy foreperson. The witness will then be questioned. Ordinarily, the attorney for the government questions the witness first, followed next by the foreperson of the grand jury. Then, the other members of the grand jury may question the witness. All questions asked of each witness must be relevant and proper, relating only to the case under investigation. If doubt should arise as to whether a question is appropriate, the advice of the United States Attorney may be sought. If necessary, a ruling may be obtained from the court. Because of the need for secrecy, described in more detail in the following section, the law forbids anyone other than authorized persons from being present in the grand jury room while evidence is being presented. This means that only the grand jury, the United States Attorney or the Assistant United States Attorney, the witness under examination, the court reporter, and the interpreter (if the foreperson determines one is required) may be present. If an indictment should ultimately be voted, the presence of unauthorized persons in the grand jury room could invalidate it. Occasionally, prior to answering a question, a witness may ask to leave the grand jury room to consult with his or her attorney. The grand jury is to draw no adverse inference from such conduct, for every witness has the right to confer with counsel even though counsel may not be present in the grand jury room. In fact, a witness may confer with counsel after each question, as long as he or she does not make a mockery of the proceedings or does not, by such, make an attempt to impede the orderly progress of the grand jury investigation.

Additionally, a witness who is appearing before the grand jury may invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and refuse to answer a question. In such a situation, the grand jurors may bring the matter before the court in order to obtain a ruling as to whether or not the answer may be compelled. One manner in which an answer may be compelled is by granting the witness immunity from prosecution in exchange for the witness' testimony.

(4) Calling the Person Under Investigation as a Witness

Normally, neither the person under investigation (sometimes referred to as the "accused," although this does not imply he or she is guilty of any crime) nor any witness on the accused's behalf will testify before the grand jury. Upon request, preferably in writing, an accused may be given the opportunity by the grand jury to appear before it. An accused who does so appear cannot be forced to testify because of the constitutional privilege against self-incrimination. If the grand jury attempts to force the accused to testify, an indictment returned against that person may be nullified. Because the appearance of an accused before the grand jury may raise complicated legal problems, a grand jury that desires to request or to permit an accused to appear before it should consult with the United States Attorney and, if necessary, the court before proceeding. Even if the accused is willing to testify voluntarily, it is recommended that he or she first be warned of the right not to testify. Also, he or she may be required to sign a formal waiver of this right. The grand jury should be completely satisfied that the accused fully understands what he or she is doing.

(5) The Evidence Needed Before a "'True Bill" May Be Voted It is the responsibility of the grand jury to weigh the evidence presented to it in order to determine whether this evidence, usually without any explanation being offered by the accused, persuades it that there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed and that the accused was the person who committed it. Remember that the grand jury is not responsible for determining whether the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, but only whether there is sufficient evidence of probable cause to justify bringing the accused to trial. Only the evidence presented to the grand jury in the grand jury room may be considered in determining whether to vote an indictment.

(6) Deliberations When the grand jury has received all the evidence on a given charge, all persons other than the members of the grand jury must leave the room so that the grand jury may begin its deliberations. The presence of any other person in the grand jury room while the grand jury deliberates or votes may nullify an indictment returned on the accusation. After all persons other than the grand jury members have left the room, the foreperson will ask the grand jury members to discuss and vote upon the question of whether the evidence persuades the grand jury that a crime has probably been committed by the person accused and that an indictment should be returned. Every grand juror has the right to express his or her view of the matter under consideration, and grand jurors should listen to the comments of all their fellow grand jurors before making up their mind. Only after each grand juror has been given the opportunity to be heard will the vote be taken. It should be remembered that at least 16 jurors must be present and 12 members must vote in favor of the indictment before it may be returned.

The foreperson of the grand jury must keep a record of the number of jurors concurring in the finding of every indictment and file the record with the Clerk of the Court. If an indictment is found, the grand jury will report it to the judge or a magistrate in open court. It will likewise report any "not true bills," or decisions not to indict. A decision not to indict should immediately be reported to the court in writing by the foreperson so that the accused may promptly be released from jail or freed from bail.

SECRECY

The law imposes upon each grand juror a strict obligation of secrecy. This obligation is emphasized in the oath each grand juror takes and in the charge given to the grand jury by the judge. The tradition of secrecy continues as a vital part of the grand jury system for many reasons. It protects the grand jurors from being subjected to pressure by persons who may be subjects of investigations by the grand jury or associates of such persons. It prevents the escape of those against whom an indictment is being considered. It encourages witnesses before the grand jury to give full and truthful information as to the commission of a crime. It also prevents tampering with or intimidation of such witnesses before they testify at trial. Finally, it prevents the disclosure of investigations that result in no action by the grand jury and avoids any stigma the public might attach to one who is the subject of a mere investigation by the grand jury. Essentially, the grand jury may disclose matters occurring before it only to the attorneys for the government for use in the performance of their duties, but even attorneys for the government may not be informed of what took place during the grand jury's deliberations and voting. The only other time matters occurring before the grand jury may be disclosed to anyone is when disclosure is ordered by the court in the interests of justice. Disclosure of such matters may never be made to grand juror's friends or family, including a grand juror's spouse. PROTECTION OF GRAND JURORS The secrecy imposed upon grand jurors is a major source of protection for them. In addition, no inquiry may be made to learn what grand jurors said or how they voted, except upon order of the court. The law gives the members of a grand jury broad immunity for actions taken by them within the scope of their authority as grand jurors. Because of this immunity, all grand jurors must perform their duties with the highest sense of responsibility. PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR GRAND JURORS Each grand juror should attend the grand jury sessions regularly, in order to ensure that a quorum of 16 members will be present to conduct the grand jury's business. Each grand juror should be on time for each meeting so that others are not kept waiting. The time of meetings should be scheduled so as to be convenient for the grand jury, the United States Attorney, and the witnesses.

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Witnesses should be treated courteously when they appear before the grand jury. Questions should be put to them in an orderly fashion. The United States Attorney should complete his or her questioning of each witness before the foreperson asks questions. The remaining grand jurors will then have a chance to ask relevant and proper questions. Each grand juror has an equal voice in determining whether or not an indictment should be returned. Therefore, it is important that all grand jurors pay close attention to the testimony and other evidence presented. Each grand juror must be absolutely fair in his or her judgment of the facts. Otherwise, the grand juror will defeat the democratic purpose the grand jury is designed to serve. During deliberations on a case, each grand juror should feel free to express his or her opinion based upon the evidence. Each juror has equal duties and responsibilities, and each is entitled to be satisfied with the evidence before being called upon to vote. No juror has the right to dismiss a witness or to shut off proper discussion if other jurors wish to pursue the matter further. No grand jury should undertake to investigate matters outside its proper scope merely because someone suggested an investigation, or because the investigation would be interesting. No grand juror should discuss the cases under investigation with anyone, except fellow grand jurors and the United States .Attorney or the Assistant United States Attorney, and then only in the grand jury room. Of course, the grand jurors may always seek the advice of the judge. Finally, every citizen who is selected to serve on a federal grand jury should bring to this task the determination to participate in a responsible manner and to make every effort to ensure that the grand jury will be a credit not only to the community it represents but to the United States.